ABSTRACT
Background@#Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most common complications in coronavirus disease 2019 patients suffering from acute lung injury (ALI). In ARDS, marked distortion of pulmonary architecture has been reported. The pulmonary lesions in ARDS include hemodynamic derangements (such as alveolar edema and hemorrhage), vascular and bronchiolar damage, interstitial inflammatory cellular aggregations, and eventually fibrosis. Bleomycin induces ARDS-representative pulmonary damage in mice and rats; therefore, we used bleomycin model mice in our study. Recently, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was implicated in the development of ARDS and ALI. @*Methods@#In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of a TLR9 blocker (ODN2088) on bleomycin-induced pulmonary damage. We measured the apoptosis rate, inflammatory reaction, and fibroplasia in bleomycin- and bleomycin + ODN2088-treated mice. @*Results@#Our results showed a significant amelioration in bleomycin-induced damage to pulmonary architecture following ODN2088 treatment. A marked decrease in pulmonary epithelial and endothelial apoptosis rate as measured by cleaved caspase-3 expression, inflammatory reaction as indicated by tumor necrosis factor α expression, and pulmonary fibrosis as demonstrated by Van Gieson staining and α-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry were observed following ODN2088 treatment. @*Conclusions@#All these findings indicate that blocking downstream TLR9 signaling could be beneficial in prevention or mitigation of ARDS through hemodynamic derangements, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Diospyros kaki L. or Costata cultivar is the main persimmon variety progressively consumed in the Egyptian market and exportation. The objective of this study was to investigate the bioprotective effects of the alcoholic extract of fruits as well as leaves of D. kaki using in-vivo rat models. Petroleum ether extracts of fruits and leaves were analytically characterized for saponifiable and unsaponifiable compounds by GC/MS. Main flavonoids were chromatographically isolated from 80% aqueous methanol extract of leaves. Chemical evaluation for fruits and leaves namely, content of moisture, ash, proteins, fatty acids, amino acids, fat and water soluble vitamins, minerals, carotenoids was carried out. Total antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging effects using DPPH assay. The effect on biochemical parameters and its biological activity were also performed. Results revealed the identification of the major compounds of saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters of fruits and leaves. Scopoletin, as well as, kaempferol, luteolin, rutin and apigenin 7-O-glucoside were isolated and identified. It showed that this plant can provide a good nutritional value and it is safe regarding the kidney and liver functions, good source that help in enhancing the antioxidant defense against free radicals. No abnormal effects were found in lipids profile on experimental animals and there were good results in the ratio of HDL and LDL cholesterol. Also, this plant can help in optimizing blood sugar, enhancing the level of blood haemoglobin. It is concluded that D. kaki displays a good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds that may contribute to its therapeutic benefits against the risk of disease complications.
Resumo Diospyros kaki L. ou Costata é a principal variedade de caqui progressivamente consumida no mercado e exportação egípcia. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos bioprotetores do extrato alcoólico de frutos e folhas de D. kaki utilizando modelos de ratos "in vivo". Extratos de éter de petróleo provenientes de frutos e folhas foram caracterizados analiticamente para compostos saponificáveis e insaponificáveis por GC/MS. Os principais flavonoides foram isolados cromatograficamente, a partir de 80% de extrato aquoso de folhas de metanol. Foi realizada avaliação química de frutos e folhas, ou seja, de teor de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, ácidos graxos, aminoácidos, vitaminas lipossolúveis e solúveis em água, minerais, carotenoides. Foi caracterizada a atividade antioxidante, utilizando ensaio (DPPH). O efeito nos parâmetros bioquímicos e sua atividade biológica também foram analisados. Os resultados revelaram a identificação dos principais compostos saponificáveis e insaponificáveis de frutos e folhas. Escopoletina, bem como kaempferol, luteolina, rutina e apigenina 7-O-glicosídeo foram isolados e identificados. Também demonstraram que esta planta pode proporcionar um bom valor nutricional e é segura em relação às funções renais e hepáticas, boa fonte que ajuda a melhorar a defesa antioxidante contra os radicais livres. Não foram encontrados efeitos anormais no perfil lipídico em testes em animais, e houve um efeito satisfatório na relação de colesterol HDL e LDL. Além disso, esta planta pode ajudar na otimização do açúcar no sangue, aumentando o nível de hemoglobina. Conclui-se que o D. kaki apresenta uma boa fonte de nutrientes e de compostos bioativos que contribuem para seus benefícios terapêuticos e contra o risco de complicações de doenças.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Diospyros , Plant Extracts , Plant Leaves , Egypt , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
Abstract Exopolysaccharide (EPS) biopolymers produced by microorganisms play a crucial role in the environment such as health and bio-nanotechnology sectors, gelling agents in food and cosmetic industries in addition to bio-flocculants in the environmental sector as they are degradable, nontoxic. This study focuses on the improvement of EPS production through manipulation of different culture and environmental conditions using response surface methodology (RSM). Plackett-Burman design indicated that; molasses, yeast extract and incubation temperature are the most effective parameters. Box-Behnken RSM indicated that; the optimum concentration for each parameter was 12% (w/v) for molasses, 6 g/L yeast extract and 30 °C for incubation temperature. The most potent bacterial isolate was identified as Bacillus velezensis KY498625. After production, EPS was extracted, purified using DEAE-cellulose, identified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The result indicated that; it has molecular weight 1.14 × 105 D consisting of glucose, mannose and galactose.
Subject(s)
Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism , Bacillus/metabolism , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry , Bacillus/chemistry , Industrial Microbiology , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Culture Media/metabolism , Culture Media/chemistry , Molecular WeightABSTRACT
Abstract Diospyros kaki L. or Costata cultivar is the main persimmon variety progressively consumed in the Egyptian market and exportation. The objective of this study was to investigate the bioprotective effects of the alcoholic extract of fruits as well as leaves of D. kaki using in-vivo rat models. Petroleum ether extracts of fruits and leaves were analytically characterized for saponifiable and unsaponifiable compounds by GC/MS. Main flavonoids were chromatographically isolated from 80% aqueous methanol extract of leaves. Chemical evaluation for fruits and leaves namely, content of moisture, ash, proteins, fatty acids, amino acids, fat and water soluble vitamins, minerals, carotenoids was carried out. Total antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging effects using DPPH assay. The effect on biochemical parameters and its biological activity were also performed. Results revealed the identification of the major compounds of saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters of fruits and leaves. Scopoletin, as well as, kaempferol, luteolin, rutin and apigenin 7-O-glucoside were isolated and identified. It showed that this plant can provide a good nutritional value and it is safe regarding the kidney and liver functions, good source that help in enhancing the antioxidant defense against free radicals. No abnormal effects were found in lipids profile on experimental animals and there were good results in the ratio of HDL and LDL cholesterol. Also, this plant can help in optimizing blood sugar, enhancing the level of blood haemoglobin. It is concluded that D. kaki displays a good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds that may contribute to its therapeutic benefits against the risk of disease complications.
Resumo Diospyros kaki L. ou Costata é a principal variedade de caqui progressivamente consumida no mercado e exportação egípcia. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos bioprotetores do extrato alcoólico de frutos e folhas de D. kaki utilizando modelos de ratos in vivo. Extratos de éter de petróleo provenientes de frutos e folhas foram caracterizados analiticamente para compostos saponificáveis e insaponificáveis por GC/MS. Os principais flavonoides foram isolados cromatograficamente, a partir de 80% de extrato aquoso de folhas de metanol. Foi realizada avaliação química de frutos e folhas, ou seja, de teor de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, ácidos graxos, aminoácidos, vitaminas lipossolúveis e solúveis em água, minerais, carotenoides. Foi caracterizada a atividade antioxidante, utilizando ensaio (DPPH). O efeito nos parâmetros bioquímicos e sua atividade biológica também foram analisados. Os resultados revelaram a identificação dos principais compostos saponificáveis e insaponificáveis de frutos e folhas. Escopoletina, bem como kaempferol, luteolina, rutina e apigenina 7-O-glicosídeo foram isolados e identificados. Também demonstraram que esta planta pode proporcionar um bom valor nutricional e é segura em relação às funções renais e hepáticas, boa fonte que ajuda a melhorar a defesa antioxidante contra os radicais livres. Não foram encontrados efeitos anormais no perfil lipídico em testes em animais, e houve um efeito satisfatório na relação de colesterol HDL e LDL. Além disso, esta planta pode ajudar na otimização do açúcar no sangue, aumentando o nível de hemoglobina. Conclui-se que o D. kaki apresenta uma boa fonte de nutrientes e de compostos bioativos que contribuem para seus benefícios terapêuticos e contra o risco de complicações de doenças.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of research was to synthesize a series of new indolyl-pyrimidine-5- carbonitriles 2-5 from compound 1.The reaction of 2a with ethylcyanoacetate and aromatic aldehydes in presences of excess ammonium acetate gives 6 a-c while condensation with aromatic aldehydes produces chalcones 7a-c via the Claisen condensation .Structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by means of their IR,1H-NMR spectral data and elemental analysis .The antimicrobial testing of the synthesized compounds were evaluated. Some of the prepared compounds, 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4, 6-dioxo-6, 11-dihydro-4H-pyrimido [2, 1-b] quinazoline-3-carbonitrile 3 and 2-hydrazino-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-6-oxo-1,6- dihydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile 4 showed high antibacterial activity. Melting points of the synthesized compounds were determined by open end capillary tube method in Boetius melting point microscope and are uncorrected. The purity of the compounds was checked using precoated TLC plates (Merck 60 F254 ) using chloroform: methanol (3:1) solvent system. The structures of the compounds were characterized by Beckman Infrared Spectrophotometer PU9712 using KBr discs . The structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) . The molecular weights of compound were determined by SSQ7000 mass spectrometer at 70 eV.1H NMR spectra were recorded on JoelEX270MHz spectrometer using TMS as internal standard. All the new compounds gave satisfactory analytical results (within 0.4 of the theoretical values). All the synthesized compounds (1-7) were purified by successive recrystallization . The purity of the synthesized compounds was checked by performing TLC. The structures of the synthesized compounds were determined on the basis of their FTIR and 1HNMR data. In accordance with the data obtained from antimicrobial activity, most of the synthesized compounds have shown moderate activity against the tested bacteria while compounds 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4, 6-dioxo-6, 11-dihydro-4H-pyrimido [2, 1-b]quinazoline-3-carbonitrile (3) and 2-hydrazino-4-(1H-indol- 3-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (4) showed high antibacterial acivity. Only compounds 1,3,4,7a,7 b and 7c are active against C.albicans
ABSTRACT
Haemodynamic instability with symptomatic hypotension remains one of the most important complications occuring during HD [20-30% of dialyses]. Calcium ions play a pivotal role in the contractile process of both vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes as well as in the release of catecholamines from the synaptic clefts. It has been suggested that the increased clearance of catecholamines by HD may potentiate intradialytic hypotension and that changes in ionized calcium might play an important role in the cardiovascular response during HD. In the present work, we studied the effect of using different dialysate calcium concentrations on the patient serum ionized calcium levels, serum catecholamine levels, haemodynamic data, and echocardiographic parameters before and after HD. Twenty patients [12 males and 8 females], with CRF under chronic regular HD therapy were studied and ten healthy volunteers, matched in age and gender, served as a control group. Patients were dialysed using the standard [low-calcium, 2.5 mEq/L] dialysate for twelve sessions in four weeks, and were then subjected sequentially to the high-calcium [4 mEq/L] dialysate for another twelve sessions in four more weeks. After four weeks of low-calcium dialysis, serum ionized calcium levels showed mild, though statistically significant reduction compared to the predialysis levels. There was no significant change in plasma levels of catecholamines at the end of the four week period. On the other hand, changing to high-calcium dialysate for further four weeks resulted in a very significantly higher post-dialysis levels of ionized calcium compared to predialysis levels. Morever, there was highly significant increase in postdialysis noradrenaline compared to predialysis levels. Low-calcium dialysis resulted in significant reduction in SBP, DBP and mean BP. Regarding vascular reactivity parameters, there was a statistically significant increase in the mean heart rate [HR] and forearm vascular resistance [FVR], while venous tone [VT] was significantly lower in postdialysis compared to predialysis assessment. On the other hand, using high calcium dialysate resulted in minor changes in SBP, DBP, and MBP that did not reach statistical significance. Positive correlation existed between changes in ionized calcium and plasma noradrenaline levels after high-calcium dialysis. No significant changes has been found in the echocardiographic parameters in the pre and post-dialysis assessments, neither in the low-calcium nor in the high-calcium dialysis periods. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that, even in the haemodynamically stable patients, changes in plasma ionized calcium may have an important effect on the blood pressure response during HD. Using high-calcium dialysate solutions may help improving intradialytic hypotension which is the commonest complication occuring during HD
Subject(s)
Renal Dialysis , Cardiovascular System , Hemodialysis Solutions , HemodynamicsABSTRACT
One hundred-fourteen computed tomographic [CT] scans of the skull region were revised for occult sinus pathology in asymptomatic individuals. The scans were conducted to investigate other skull regions. None of the patients had nasal or sinus symptoms. Twenty-nine percent of the ethmoid sinuses had occult pathology mostly in the form of thickened mucous membrane. Occult pathology occurred in 14% of maxillary sinuses, 4.8% of the frontal sinuses, and 4.6% of the sphenoid sinuses. As ethmoids carry a high incidence for possible occult pathology, isolated clouding of the ethmoids in CT scans should not be regarded as a cause for patients symptoms especially in headache investigation